This compares with 3,984 in the US, 6,533 in the Republic of South Korea and 5,195 in Japan. In 2012, Israel counted 8,337 full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants.
In comparison, there are 85 per 10,000 in the United States and 83 per 10,000 in Japan. Israel counts 140 scientists and technicians per 10,000 employees, one of the highest ratios in the world. In 2014, Israel's share of scientific articles published worldwide (0.9%) was nine times higher than its share of the global population (0.1%). It ranks thirteenth in the world for scientific output as measured by the number of scientific publications per million citizens. In 2019, Israel was ranked the world's fifth most innovative country by the Bloomberg Innovation Index. Israel spent 4.3% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2015, the highest ratio in the world. Science and technology in Israel is one of the country's most developed sectors. National research, development and proficience of Israel
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